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HDPE土工膜用于屋面隔根層處理--用于屋面隔根層防滲隔根雙重作用研究
隨著我國(guó)改革開(kāi)放的深化和城市化程度的不斷擴(kuò)大,人們賴(lài)以生存的城市空間也變得越來(lái)越小。為了提高城市的綠化覆蓋率、改善生態(tài)環(huán)境、美化城市景觀,實(shí)施屋面綠化是有效的途徑。
一、發(fā)展種植屋面
勢(shì)在必行在現(xiàn)代化社會(huì)迅猛發(fā)展的今天,我國(guó)大中城市的土地資源已是“”,可以用于綠化的土地面積越來(lái)越少。然而,數(shù)以?xún)|計(jì)的屋面多是光禿禿的,而充分利用這塊尚未綠化的“空地”發(fā)展種植屋面,勢(shì)在必行。
1、發(fā)展種植屋面,減緩城市的“熱島效應(yīng)”
建筑物表面溫度與時(shí)間關(guān)系
由于各類(lèi)建筑的屋面、墻體以及道路等均屬于性能良好的“大型蓄熱器”,它們白天吸收太陽(yáng)光的輻射能量,夜晚放出熱量,造成市區(qū)夜間的氣溫居高不下,導(dǎo)致市區(qū)氣溫比郊區(qū)氣溫升高2~3℃。因氣溫升高部分呈島狀,故稱(chēng)其為“熱島效應(yīng)”。如能將屋面建造成種植屋面,在屋面上廣泛種植花、草、樹(shù)木,通過(guò)屋頂綠化,實(shí)現(xiàn)“平改綠”,不但可以限度地提高城市的綠化覆蓋率,而且可以有效地緩解城市的“熱島效應(yīng)”。據(jù)報(bào)導(dǎo),每公頃綠地每天能從環(huán)境中吸收的熱量,相當(dāng)于1890臺(tái)功率為1000瓦空調(diào)的作用。
2、實(shí)施屋面綠化
有利于增加城市大氣中的氧氣含量屋面綠化可以通過(guò)植物的光合作用,吸收大氣中的二氧化碳,放出氧氣,便于維持空氣中二氧化碳與氧氣的平衡,提高空氣質(zhì)量,據(jù)測(cè)定,24平方米早熟禾草坪,一晝夜可制造氧氣1380克,足以供給一個(gè)成年人正常生活1天所需要的氧氣;一株山毛櫸一晝夜則可吸收二氧化碳2352克,并放出氧氣1712克,起到凈化空氣的作用。
3、屋面種植的植物
可吸收有害物質(zhì),減輕大氣污染屋面的植物具有吸咐、固定塵埃、重金屬元素和吸收大氣中的NH3、SO2、NO2、HF和CL2等有害物質(zhì),并具有降低城市的噪音功能。據(jù)測(cè)定,120mm厚的植物層隔音達(dá)40分貝,故可明顯降低大氣和噪音的污染。
4、調(diào)節(jié)生態(tài)環(huán)境
美化城市景觀推行種植屋面,有利于調(diào)節(jié)城市氣候環(huán)境、減少雨水流失,抑制暴雨、風(fēng)沙天氣,改善城市景觀,為發(fā)展居住生態(tài)環(huán)境,實(shí)現(xiàn)人與自然和諧相處,創(chuàng)建“花園城市”而造福于人民。
二、種植屋面防排水系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)與施工種植屋面的構(gòu)造層次較多,技術(shù)要求也比較高,涉及建筑、農(nóng)林和園藝等學(xué)科,是一個(gè)系統(tǒng)工程,必須從設(shè)計(jì)、選材、施工和管理維護(hù)等方面進(jìn)行綜合研究和處理。
為了保證種植屋面上的植物既能培育生長(zhǎng),又要防水和排除積水,做到不滲不漏,才能滿足房屋建筑的使用功能。為此,其構(gòu)造層次較復(fù)雜,各個(gè)構(gòu)造層次都有自己的功能和作用,一旦發(fā)生滲漏現(xiàn)象,整個(gè)屋面必須翻工重做,不但工程量大,費(fèi)用也較昂貴。故在設(shè)計(jì)時(shí),應(yīng)按屋面防水等級(jí)為一級(jí)或二級(jí)進(jìn)行多道的防水設(shè)防,并做好防排水構(gòu)造的系統(tǒng)處理?,F(xiàn)將種植屋面各構(gòu)造層次的組成、作用、選材和施工要點(diǎn)分別敘述如下:
1、種植介質(zhì)種植介質(zhì)是屋面種植的植物賴(lài)以生長(zhǎng)的土壤層。要求所選用的種植介質(zhì)應(yīng)具有自重輕、不板結(jié)、保水保肥、適宜植物培育生長(zhǎng)、施工簡(jiǎn)便和經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)保等性能。一般可選用種植土、草炭、膨脹蛭石、膨脹珍珠巖、細(xì)砂和經(jīng)過(guò)發(fā)酵處理的動(dòng)物糞便等材料,按一定的比例混合配制而成。其中草炭和發(fā)酵后的動(dòng)物糞便可為植物生長(zhǎng)提供有機(jī)質(zhì)、腐植酸和緩效的基肥;膨脹蛭石和膨脹珍珠巖不但可以減小種植介質(zhì)的堆積密度,而且是有利于保水、透氣、預(yù)防植物爛根,是促進(jìn)植物生長(zhǎng)的材料,還能及時(shí)補(bǔ)充植物生長(zhǎng)所需要的鐵、鎂、鉀等無(wú)素,也是種植介質(zhì)中PH值的緩沖劑和調(diào)節(jié)劑。
也可直接選用為種植屋面專(zhuān)門(mén)生產(chǎn)、成分及粒度配置合理,保水保肥、能夠促進(jìn)植物根系發(fā)育和生長(zhǎng),且堆積密度僅為450Kg/m3左右的人工合成的無(wú)機(jī)栽培材料作種植介質(zhì)。
種植介質(zhì)層的厚度應(yīng)根據(jù)介質(zhì)和植物的種類(lèi)而定,一般草坪為150~250mm;小灌木為300~400mm;大灌木為500~600mm;喬木為800mm以上。
2、隔離過(guò)濾層在種植介質(zhì)層與排水層之間,應(yīng)采用重量不低于250g/m2聚酯纖維土工布作一道隔離過(guò)濾層,以起到保水和濾水的作用。其目的是將種植介質(zhì)層中因下雨或澆水后多余的水及時(shí)通過(guò)過(guò)濾層排除出去,以防止植物爛根,同時(shí)可將種植介質(zhì)保留下來(lái),以免發(fā)生流失。
3、排水層隔離過(guò)濾層的下部為排水層,排水層可采用的、留有足夠空隙并有一定承載能力的塑料排水板、橡膠排水板或粒徑為20~40mm,厚度為80mm以上的卵石組成。其作用是將通過(guò)過(guò)濾層的水,迅速地從排水層的空隙中匯集到匯水孔排除出去。
4、耐根系穿剌的防水層眾所周知,各種植物的根系均具有很強(qiáng)的穿刺能力,許多傳統(tǒng)的防水材料都容易被植物的根系所穿透,而導(dǎo)致屋面發(fā)生滲漏。為此,在種植屋面中,必須在一般的柔性防水層之上,空鋪或粘貼一道具有足夠耐根系穿刺功能的材料,如高密度HDPE土工膜、低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)土工膜、聚氯乙烯(PVC)卷材、聚烯烴(TPO)卷材和鉛合金(PSS)卷材等作耐根系穿刺防水層。
為確保植物根系不但不能穿透材料本體,也不得穿透材料的接縫部位,因此要求耐根系穿刺防水層的接縫均應(yīng)采用焊接法施工,并須使接縫焊接牢固,封閉嚴(yán)密。對(duì)熱塑性材料,采用單縫焊接時(shí),搭接寬度為60mm;其有效焊接寬度不應(yīng)小于25mm;采用雙縫焊接時(shí),搭接寬度為80mm,其有效焊接寬度為10mm×2+空腔寬度,鉛合金卷材的接縫,應(yīng)采用的焊條和工具進(jìn)行焊接。
5、卷材或涂膜防水層在種植屋面工程中,除采用耐根系穿刺的防水層以外,尚應(yīng)在其下部再鋪設(shè)1~2道具有耐水、耐腐蝕、耐霉?fàn)€和對(duì)基層伸縮或開(kāi)裂變形適應(yīng)性強(qiáng)的卷材(如聚酯胎改性瀝青防水卷材、合成高分子防水卷材等)或涂料(如雙組分或單組分聚氨酯防水涂料等)作柔性防水層。當(dāng)采用卷材作防水層時(shí),根據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)《屋面工程技術(shù)規(guī)范》和《屋面工程質(zhì)量驗(yàn)收規(guī)范》的規(guī)定,應(yīng)優(yōu)先采用空鋪法、點(diǎn)粘法和條粘法進(jìn)行施工,但卷材的接縫以及卷材防水層的周邊應(yīng)滿粘。
種植屋面的四周應(yīng)砌筑擋墻,擋墻下部應(yīng)留置泄水孔,泄水孔的位置應(yīng)準(zhǔn)確,并應(yīng)與水落口連通,不得有堵塞現(xiàn)象,以便及時(shí)排除種植屋面的積水。
6、找平層為便于鋪設(shè)柔性防水層,找坡層上應(yīng)做水泥砂漿找平層。找平層應(yīng)壓實(shí)平整,待找平層收水后,應(yīng)進(jìn)行二次抹平壓光和充分保溫養(yǎng)護(hù),不得有酥松、起砂、起皮和空鼓現(xiàn)象。
7、找坡層為便于迅速排除種植屋面的積水,確保植物正常生長(zhǎng),屋面宜采用結(jié)構(gòu)找坡。當(dāng)不能采用結(jié)構(gòu)找坡而須用材料找坡時(shí),應(yīng)選用有一定強(qiáng)度的輕質(zhì)材料(如陶粒、加氣混凝土、泡沫玻璃等)做找坡層,其坡度宜為1%~3%。
8、屋面結(jié)構(gòu)層屋面結(jié)構(gòu)層應(yīng)根據(jù)種植屋面的種類(lèi)和荷載進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)和施工,一般應(yīng)采用現(xiàn)澆鋼筋混凝土作屋面結(jié)構(gòu)層。當(dāng)采用裝配式鋼筋混凝土板時(shí),應(yīng)用強(qiáng)度等級(jí)不低于C20的細(xì)石混凝土將板縫灌填密實(shí);在板縫寬度大于40mm或上窄下寬時(shí),應(yīng)在縫中放置構(gòu)造鋼筋進(jìn)行加強(qiáng)處理,板端縫亦應(yīng)嵌填密封材料封閉嚴(yán)密。
HDPE geomembrane used for roof root separation layer processing - used for roof root separation layerseepage control effect of root separation double
With the deepening of reform and opening up and the extent of the city continues to expand, the survival of the people of the city space is becoming smaller and smaller. In order to improve the city 's green coverage rate,improve zoology environment, beautify the city landscape, the implementation of the green roof is the mosteffective way to.
One, development of planted roof
Be imperative in the modern society with the rapid development of today, China's large and medium-sized cityland resource is the " gold ", can be used for green land area is less and less. However, hundreds of millions of roofing is bare, and make full use of this has yet to be green " open space " development of planting roof, be imperative.
1, the development of planting roof, slowed the city's " heat island effect "
Building surface temperature with time
Due to the various types of building roof, wall and road are the good performance of the " large accumulator ",their daytime absorption of solar radiation energy, night heat, resulting in urban night high temperature,leading to the urban temperature than suburban temperature 2~ 3 ℃. Because the temperature rise is partlyIsland, it called for " heat island effect ". If the roof built in planting roof, roof planting flowers, grass, trees, wide,through the roof greening, realize the " ping changed green ", not only can greatly improve the city 's green coverage rate, but also can effectively ease the city's " heat island effect ". According to the report, every hectare green day to absorb heat from the environment, equivalent to the 1890 power of 1000 Watts air conditioning effect.
2, the implementation of roof greening
Have the added benefit of city atmospheric oxygen content roof greening by plant photosynthesis, absorb carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, release oxygen, easy to maintain the carbon dioxide in air and oxygen balance, improve air quality, according to the determination, 24 square meters of bluegrass Ping, a day canmake oxygen 1380 grams, enough to supply an adult normal the 1 day of life need of oxygen; a beech daycan absorb carbon dioxide and produce oxygen 2352 grams, 1712 grams, played the role of air purification.
3, roof planting plants
Can absorb harmful substances, reduce atmospheric pollution roof plants with adsorption, fixed dust, heavy metal elements and atmospheric absorption of NH3, SO2, NO2, HF and CL2 and other harmful substances,and can reduce city noise function. According to the determination of the thickness of 120mm, plant insulation layer up to 40 dB, which can obviously reduce air and noise pollution.
4, regulation of ecological environment
Beautify the city landscape implementation of planting roof, helps regulate the city climate environment,reduce stormwater drain, suppression of heavy rain, sandstorm weather, improvement of city landscape, for the development of residential ecological environment, realize the harmony between man and nature, to create a " garden city " and the benefit of the people.
Two, planted roof drainage system design and construction of planted roof structure more, technical demand is high, relates to the construction, forestry and gardening and other professional disciplines, it is project of a system, must from design, material selection, construction and management of maintenance and other aspects of the comprehensive research and treatment.
In order to ensure the planting roof plants can not only foster growth, and waterproof and drain the water, dono leakage, in order to meet the housing architectural use function. Therefore, its structure more complexstructural hierarchy, each has its own function and role, once the leakage, the entire roof must rework redo, not only large quantities, costs are more expensive. Therefore, in the design, according to the roofing waterproofing rank for grade one and grade two for multi-channel waterproofing, and good drainage structuresystem. The planting of roof the structural hierarchy of composition, function, material selection and construction key points are described as follows:
1, the growing medium cultivation medium is roof plants grown in soil layer. Requirements of selected plantingmedium should have light weight, does not harden, water and fertilizer retention, suitable for plant cultivationgrowth, simple construction and economic and environmental performance. The general choice of planting soil, peat, vermiculite, perlite, fine sand and treated through fermentation of animal manure and other materials, according to a certain proportion of mixed and compounded. The peat and fermented animal fecesfor plant growth, and the effect of humic acid organic fertilizer; expanded vermiculite and perlite can not only reduce the growing medium bulk density, and is conducive to preserving water, ventilation, prevention of plantroot, is a plant growth promoting material, can replenish needed by the growth of plants iron, magnesium,potassium and other elements, but also the growing medium in the pH value of buffer and regulator.
Can also be directly used for planting roofing, specialized production, composition and particle size of reasonable configuration, water and fertilizer, can promote plant root development and growth, and bulk density of only 450Kg / m3 around the artificial synthesis of inorganic materials for plant cultivation medium.
Cultivation of dielectric layer thickness should be based on the medium and plant type, general lawn is 150 ~ 250mm; small shrubs from 300 to 400mm; large shrub to 500 ~ 600mm; arbor is more than 800mm.
2, filtration layer in a growing medium layer and drainage layer between, should use the weight of not less than 250G / m2 polyester fiber earthwork cloth as a filtration layer, in order to water retention and drainageeffect. It is intended to be a growing medium layer due to rain or watering after excess water through the filter layer in time out, in order to prevent root rot of the plant, at the same time can be a growing medium preserved,to prevent erosion.
In 3, a drainage layer filtration layer is arranged at the lower part of the drainage layer, a drainage layer may be used, leaving enough space and have a certain bearing capacity of plastic drainage plate, rubber drainage board or particle size of 20 ~40mm, thickness of 80mm over the pebbles. Its role is to be passed through the filtering layer water, rapidly from the drainage layer in the gap together to the drain hole out.
In 4, root of puncture of the waterproof layer as everyone knows, all kinds of plant root system has strongpuncture ability, many of the traditional waterproof material is easy to plant root penetration, which led to theroofing leakage. Therefore, in planting roof, must in general flexible waterproof layer, empty shop or paste aroot system with sufficient puncture functional materials, such as high density HDPE geomembrane, low density polyethylene ( LDPE ) geomembrane, polyvinyl chloride ( PVC ) membrane, polyolefin (TPO )membrane and lead alloy ( PSS ) membrane for root system puncture proof layer.
To ensure that the plant roots not only cannot penetrate the material body, also do not penetrate the materialof joint, thus requiring root system puncture waterproof layer shall be used for welding seam construction method, and shall make the seam welding firm, tight seal. The thermoplastic material, using a single seam welding, lap width is 60mm; the effective width of the weld shall be not less than 25mm; double seam welding,lap width is 80mm, its effective weld width of 10mm× 2 + cavity width, lead alloy sheet joint, used to be the toolelectrode and welding.
5, material or coating waterproof layer in planting roof construction, except the root of puncture of thewaterproof layer outside, still should be in its lower part 1~ 2 props are laying waterproof, corrosion resistance, mildew and primary expansion or cracking deformation adaptability of material (such as polyestermodified asphalt waterproof coiled material, synthetic high polymer waterproof coiled material etc) or coating (such as a two-component or single component polyurethane waterproofing coating etc. ) for flexible waterproof layer. When using the web as a waterproof layer, according to the national standard of " technical code for roof engineering " and " code for acceptance of construction quality of roof " provisions, should give priority to the empty shop law, point sticking method and adhesive construction method, but the coil joints andthe surrounding membrane waterproof layer should be full bonding.
Planted roof masonry retaining wall around should be lower, retaining wall should be indwelling drain,drainage hole position should be accurate, and should be communicated with water, no clogging, so as toeliminate the water planting roof.
In 6, a leveling layer to facilitate the laying of flexible waterproof layer, the sloping layer should do on cement mortar screed-coat. The leveling layer should be compacted to smooth, leveling layer water, should be two times the screeding press polishing and sufficient maintenance, there shall be no loose, sand, bark andhollowing phenomenon.
In 7, the sloping layer to facilitate rapid elimination of planting roof seeper, ensure the normal growth of plants,should adopt the structure for slope roof. When not used for slope structure and must use the material to find the slope, choose a certain strength of lightweight material ( such as ceramic, aerated concrete, foamed glass) do the sloping layer, the slope should be 1%~ 3%.
In 8, the roof structure layer of roofing structure layer should be according to the planting roof types and loaddesign and construction, should in general be using cast-in-place reinforced concrete roof structure layer.When the assembled reinforced concrete slab, application of strength grade of not less than C20 of fine stone concrete will be filled in dense seam; seam width greater than 40mm or narrow width, should be in the gapplaced reinforcement strengthening, plate end seams should also be filled sealing material sealing is tight.
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